List of Instruments and Equipment to be Used During Surveyor Training

Surveyor training in Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) involves both theoretical knowledge and practical fieldwork. To perform surveying tasks accurately, a variety of instruments and equipment are used. These tools help in measuring distances, angles, elevations, and positions on the ground. Proper understanding and handling of these instruments are essential for becoming a skilled surveyor.

During training, students are introduced to both traditional and modern surveying instruments. Each instrument has a specific purpose and plays an important role in surveying operations. This chapter provides a detailed list of the instruments and equipment used during surveyor training along with their functions.

1. Chain and Tape

Chains and tapes are basic instruments used for measuring distances. Chains are made of metal links, while tapes are made of steel, fiberglass, or cloth. These are commonly used in chain surveying for direct measurement of lengths.

• Used for linear measurements
• Simple and easy to handle
• Available in different lengths

2. Ranging Rod

Ranging rods are used to mark points on the ground and to align straight lines during surveying. They are usually painted in alternate red and white bands for better visibility.

• Used for marking survey stations
• Helps in aligning straight lines
• Visible from long distances

3. Arrows (Chain Pins)

Arrows or chain pins are thin steel rods used for marking the end of a chain length during measurement. They help in counting the number of chain lengths measured.

• Used in chain surveying
• Helps in accurate distance measurement
• Usually supplied in sets of ten

4. Pegs

Pegs are wooden or metal stakes used to mark survey stations permanently or temporarily. They are driven into the ground to indicate important points.

• Used for marking positions
• Provides reference points
• Essential for layout work

5. Cross Staff and Optical Square

These instruments are used for setting out right angles in chain surveying. The cross staff is a simple device, while the optical square provides more accuracy.

• Used for perpendicular measurements
• Helpful in plotting offsets
• Simple to operate

6. Compass

A compass is used to measure the direction of survey lines in terms of bearings. It is commonly used in compass surveying.

• Measures magnetic bearings
• Helps in determining direction
• Easy to use and portable

7. Leveling Instruments

Leveling instruments are used to determine differences in elevation between points. Common types include dumpy level, tilting level, and automatic level.

• Used for levelling work
• Ensures horizontal alignment
• Provides accurate height measurements

8. Levelling Staff

A levelling staff is used along with a leveling instrument to measure vertical distances. It is graduated and placed vertically on the ground.

• Used to take staff readings
• Helps in determining elevations
• Available in folding or telescopic types

9. Theodolite

Theodolite is a precision instrument used for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It is widely used in advanced surveying work.

• Provides high accuracy
• Used in triangulation and traversing
• Can be used for alignment and leveling

10. Plane Table

Plane table is used for field plotting. It allows surveyors to draw maps directly on the field while taking measurements.

• Used for quick mapping
• Eliminates need for field notes
• Suitable for small areas

11. Total Station

Total Station is a modern electronic instrument that combines the functions of a theodolite and an electronic distance measuring device (EDM). It provides highly accurate measurements and digital data.

• Measures distances and angles
• Stores data electronically
• Improves efficiency and accuracy

12. GPS (Global Positioning System)

GPS is used to determine the exact location of points on the earth’s surface using satellite signals. It is widely used in modern surveying.

• Provides precise location data
• Useful in large-scale surveys
• Saves time and effort

13. Tripod Stand

Tripods are used to support instruments such as theodolites, levels, and total stations. They provide stability during measurements.

• Ensures firm support
• Adjustable height
• Essential for accurate readings

14. Plumb Bob

A plumb bob is used to transfer points from the instrument to the ground. It ensures vertical alignment.

• Used for centering instruments
• Ensures accuracy
• Simple and effective tool

15. Field Book

A field book is used to record measurements, observations, and notes taken during surveying. Proper recording is essential for accurate calculations and plotting.

• Maintains survey records
• Helps in data analysis
• Essential for documentation

16. Safety Equipment

Safety equipment is also an important part of surveyor training. This includes helmets, safety shoes, gloves, and reflective jackets.

• Protects against injuries
• Ensures safe working conditions
• Mandatory at worksites

Conclusion

The use of proper instruments and equipment is essential for accurate and efficient surveying work. During ITI training, students gain hands-on experience with both traditional and modern tools. Understanding the function and correct handling of these instruments is important for developing professional skills.

By learning to use these instruments effectively, trainees can perform surveying tasks with confidence and precision. This knowledge forms the foundation for a successful career in the Surveyor trade.